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Dance
This nOde
last updated December 17th, 2004 and is permanently morphing...
(3 Ix (Jaguar) / 17 Mac - 94/260 - 12.19.11.15.14)

dance
dance (dàns) verb
danced, dancing, dances
verb, intransitive
1.To move rhythmically usually
to music, using prescribed or improvised steps and gestures.
2.a. To leap or skip about
excitedly. b. To appear to flash or twinkle: eyes that danced with merriment.
c. Informal. To appear to skip about; vacillate: danced around the issue.
3.To bob up and down.
verb, transitive
1.To engage in or perform
(a dance).
2.To cause to dance.
3.To bring to a particular
state or condition by dancing: My partner danced me to exhaustion.
noun
1.A series of rhythmical motions and steps, usually
to music.
2.The art of dancing: "[They] have both offered
as a definition of dance: a spiritual activity in physical form" (Susan
Sontag).
3.A party or gathering of people for dancing;
a ball.
4.One round or turn of dancing: May I have this
dance?
5.A musical or rhythmical accompaniment composed
or played for dancing.
6.The act or an instance of dancing.
[Middle English dauncen, from Old French danser,
perhaps of Germanic origin.]
- danc´er noun
- danc´ingly adverb
Dance
Dance, patterned and rhythmic bodily movements, usually performed to music, that serve as a form of communication or expression. It is performed throughout the world.
"Those who danced were thought to be quite insane by those who could not hear the music."
-- Angela Monet
"dance of
Shiva"
is what scientists call the dance of particles as they arise and disappear out
of "
quantum
foam.
"Darwinism stresses conflict and
competition; that doesn't square with the evidence. A lot of organisms that
survive are in no sense superior to those that have gone extinct. It's
not a question of being "better than"; it's simply a matter of finding a place
where you can be yourself. That's what
evolution
is about. That's why you can see it as a dance. It's not going anywhere, it's
simply exploring a space of possibilities." - Brian Goodwin
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Dance and Human Culture
Dance can be art, ritual, or recreation. It serves many functions: to express emotions, moods, or ideas; to tell a story; to serve religious, political, economic, or social needs; or simply to be an experience that is pleasurable, exciting, or aesthetically valuable.
The two main kinds of dance are
those for participation, which do not need spectators, and those for presentation,
which are designed for an audience. The primary elements of dance include the
use of four things: space, such as floor patterns and the shapes of the moving
body; time, such as tempo and rhythmic variations; the body's weight in relation
to
gravity;
and energy
flow,
such as tense or freely flowing motion.
Dancing, besides giving physical
pleasure, can have psychological effects. Feelings and ideas can be expressed
and communicated; sharing rhythms and movements can make a group feel unified.
In some cultures,
shamans
dance in trance in order to heal others. The modern field of dance therapy
developed as a means to help people express themselves and relate to others.
In some societies, dancing often leads to
trance
or other xaltered states of consciousness. These
altered
states of consciousnenss may be sought as a means to emotional release,
or can be interpreted as signaling possession by spirits. A trance state
may enable people to perform remarkable feats of strength, endurance, or to
better sennse their universal spirit.
History
Prehistoric cave paintings depict figures in animal costumes
who seem to be dancing, possibly in hunting or fertility rituals, or perhaps
for
education
or
entertainment.
In ancient
Egypt,
dancing was essential to agricultural and religious festivals. Warrior or pyrrhic
dances were part of military training in ancient Greece, and religious dances
are believed to be the origin of dance in Greek drama. Variations of peasant
dances originating in the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century) continue
today as folk dances, which are usually group forms that are passed from one
generation to another.
Ballet originated in the courts of Italy and France during the Renaissance (14th century to 17th century), becoming primarily a professional discipline. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, reaction against ballet's traditional forms led American dancers Isadora Duncan and Ruth St. Denis, Swiss educator Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, Hungarian dancer Rudolf von Laban, and German dancer Mary Wigman to develop forms of modern dance.
Popular and social dances,
which are recreational forms, resemble folk dances in that they are for
participation, are relatively easy to learn, and generally originate from
the people rather than from a choreographer. In the late 18th and 19th
centuries, the waltz and polka, originally peasant dances,
evolved
into social dances. In the United States various immigrant dances merged
into new forms, such as tap dance.
Popularized by American dancers Irene and Vernon
Castle, ballroom dances swept Europe and America in the early 20th century.
The syncopations and movements of African-American dance evolved into forms
such as the Charleston and the jitterbug, eventually merging with rock-and-roll
dances. Such stars as American dancers Fred Astaire and
Ginger
Rogers popularized dance in motion pictures. The groundbreaking dance sequences
in Oklahoma! (1943), with choreography by American Agnes de Mille, inspired
a larger role for dance in musicals.
Frequently relying on symbolic
gestures, masks or elaborate makeup, and magnificent costumes, Asian dances
often narrate stories based on mythology, historical events, and legends.
In Indian dance, classical dance forms have been revived on the basis of
old manuscript descriptions and temple carvings.
Japan,
rich in folk dances, also has two major forms of dance-drama: no, a slow-paced
dance and opera form, and kabuki, a form using theatrical devices. With
its spectacular acrobatics, Peking opera is the best-known genre of Chinese
dance-drama. In Indonesian dance, especially that in Java, female dancers
formerly entertained royalty; in Bali, masked dramas and spirit-possession
dances remain a part of village life.
Sub-Saharan African societies
use masked dance when members imitate or are possessed by spirits. Dancing
at rites of passage is also common. Oceanian dances, such as the Hawaiian
hula, are often associated with storytelling or poetry. In New Guinea,
dances are frequently performed in connection with warfare. North America's
native peoples, rich in dance tradition, have developed pan-tribal social
dances for performance at intertribal
powwows.
In Latin America, dances for religious and secular purposes remain a living
tradition among many Native American tribes. Other Latin American dances
borrow from African dance movements or combine Spanish movements with elements
of Native American dances.
Native Americans engaged in a variety of rituals. As a person passed through the stages of the life cycle- obtaining a name after birth, seeking a guardian spirit at puberty, setting off at death for the journey to the afterlife- rituals marked the passages. In prayer, Native Americans used gestures and words as well as songs and dances to communicate with the spirits. Ceremonial observances of prayer and thanksgiving took place at critical points in the agricultural or hunting season- for example, upon the return of the first salmon from the ocean to the rivers; at the times of planting, ripening, and harvest; upon the appearance of sap in the maple trees; or at the summer and winter solstices.
New religious movements among Native Americans have at times taken on the character of crisis cults, which respond to cultural threat with emotional rituals. In the late 1800s some Native Americans believed that if they conducted a ceremony known as the Ghost Dance, depleted animal populations and deceased relatives would be restored. For several years, many indigenous peoples in the western part of North America performed the ceremony, even after United States Army troops massacred Sioux ghost dancers at Wounded Knee in South Dakota in 1890.
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The Ghost Dance of the 1880s
spread among a number of tribes that were all undergoing similar upheavals,
and indigenous peoples of the Great Plains shared in each other's
Sun
Dances. The preeminent pan-Native American religious development, however,
has been Peyotism, a religious movement centering on the sacramental ingestion
of peyote, a mildly
hallucinogenic
cactus. In 1918
Peyotism
was formally incorporated as the Native American Church. The group's status
as a religious organization enabled members to seek legal protection for
the ritual use of peyote. In the mid-1990s membership in the Native American
Church was estimated to be 250,000.
Between the l880s and l930s, U.S. authorities attempted
to ban Native American religious rituals, including the Ghost Dance, Sun
Dance, and peyote cult. In Canada the same restrictive tendencies prevailed.
In more recent years, however, governmental authorities have adopted a
more supportive attitude toward the practice of native spirituality. In
1978 the Congress of the United States passed the American Indian Religious
Freedom Act, an official expression of good will toward Native American
spirituality.
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Movements, an integral part of George Gurdjieff teachings, are designed to harmonize our thinking, feeling and moving; refine and develop our
attention; and deepen our presence.
An Excerpt From "The Wanderer" by Khalil Gibran
Once there came to the court of the Prince of Birkasha, a dancer and her musicians. And she was admitted to the court. And she danced to the music of the flute, the lute, and the zither.
She danced the dance of flames and fire, and the dance of swords and spears; she danced the dance of stars and the dance of space, and then she danced the dance of flowers in the wind.
When she had finished, she
approached the prince and bowed her body before him. The prince bade her
to come nearer, and said unto her, "Beautiful woman, daughter of grace
and delight, whence comes
your art and how is it that
you command all the elements in your rythyms and your rhymes?"
And the dancer came near and bowed her body again and said, "Gracious majesty, I know not the answer to your questionings. Only this I know:
The philosophers soul dwells within his head, the poets soul dwells within his heart, the singers soul dwells about his throat, but the soul of the dancer abides in all her body."
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Dancing is probably one of the most
ancient modes of generating
altered
states of consciousness. Over the last few decades, popular music has been
exploring and refining the technology of modern
trance
(with a little help from drug technology as well). Our "future-primitive"
moment
is captured by the electronic, sample-driven, video-saturated trance dance,
which uses beats and drones to secretly rewire the bodymind beneath the ego's
supposed control center. As we continue to refine sound technology and the science
of psycho-acoustics (not to mention
nanochemical
neuro-stimulation), music will become one part of an assemblage of
forces
whose effects will work their
magic
through the
interface
of our
nervous
system. Music will plug directly into the invisible world of vibrations
where subjectivity (and visions) arise.
- Erik Davis - _The Future
Mix_
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track _Tribal (Coinci/Dance Mix)_ MP3 by
Psychic TV off of _Tribal_CD on Temple (1994)
"Now I am
light,
now I
fly,
now I see myself beneath myself, now a god dances through me!" --- Friedrich
Nietzche
"I could believe only in
a god that would know how to dance." ~~
Friedrich
Nietzche
"At the still point of the turning world, there the dance is. Without the point, the still point, there would be no dance, and there is only The Dance"
- T.S.Eliot
when i first started going to
raves, beginning in 1995, i didn't know how to move. i was too used to
the spectator sport of punk rock shows that denounced (and often rightly so)
the testosterone filled slam pit and promoted the intellectual chin stubble
rubbing and autistic body movements of the emo scene. i first "let go"
when i went to my first
moontribe.
since it was outdoors, i had no idea that such freedom was possible. that
night and morning, i realized that dancing wasn't a form to be perfected, it
was a gradual chipping away at the dirt and grime accumulated with mental, physical,
and emotional defense building. one becomes rigid when you experience
negative vibes throughout life. in a nurturing environment, all that can
finally be shed away, and you move like fluid... dancing is simply moving
without restriction. the type of dancing i don't like is when it is formalized,
and culturalized. then it becomes formal and boundary building again...
- @Om* 10/4/01
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"The crowd is open so long as its growth is not impeded;
it is closed when its growth is limited… The stagnating crowd lives for
its discharge… the
process
here starts not with equality but with density… In the rhythmic crowd…
density and equality coincide from the beginning. Everything here depends on
movement."
The rhythmic, or throbbing crowd is characterised by a
specific state of communal excitement: "the means of achieving this state
was first of all the rhythm of their feet, repeating and multiplied," not
moving, but gathering
intensity
at one place and creating frenzy.
- Elias Canetti - _Crowds & Power_
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Dance is, in general terms, human movement with an implied purpose such as the communication of an aesthetic or emotional idea, participation with music, and/or the achievement of certain mind-body states, sometimes spiritual-mystical ones, sometimes as simple as physical fitness. In this way, dance is contrasted to utilitarian movement--such as walking, hammering, typing, lifting weights, etc.--that has a direct "materialistic" purpose. There are other forms of human activity that can be classified as not strictly utilitarian, such as pantomime and sports. However, dance differs from these other forms of activity insofar as the dancer's movement diverges from necessity--insofar as the dancer's movement is shaped primarily by an aesthetic or emotional concern rather than by the need to run faster, leap farther, or communicate a concrete, discursive idea.
A dance also refers to a specific form of this movement. Specific dances have names that are recognized, and the specifics of the dance may be formalized. Examples of specific dances or families of dances are waltz, jig and salsa.
Some cultures have developed restricted codes of movement which describe specific dance styles such as Ballet, Bharata Natyam, etc. Indeed, from the sociological point of view, dance is usually considered to be a cultural rather than natural phenomenon. However, dance is fluid and thus the dances of one culture may be accepted and/or adapted by other cultures and turned to other purposes. For example, the social dances of one culture and time period might become the historical reenactment dances of another culture and time period.
Dancing can be done for the individual dancer's or for the dancers' own pleasure, or as pleasure for others i.e., performance.
Dance elements can be found in a number of sports, such as gymnastics, figure skating, synchronized swimming, and are often seamlessly blended with other types of art and sports, such as pantomime or gymnastics. Some cultures have elaborate forms of art, e.g., Indian Kathakali, that include dance as one of several organically connected elements.
The principal element of dance is the motion of the dancer's body.
Another important element of dance is rhythm. Although
dance movement is often rhythmic, it is not always so. It usually requires the
rhythm of music, even if only
imaginary,
or produced by the dancers themselves. In some dance styles, the dancers produce
music by stomping, clapping, ringing the bells attached to body or garments,
or by tapping metal plates attached to the bottom of their shoes.
Many folk and ethnic dances use steps and movements that imitate important everyday activities: agricultural, fishing, hunting, etc. However the purpose of a harvesting dance for example is not harvesting, rather, its a tale about harvesting or something similar. Some Indian dance styles use hand, face and eye movements to communicate meaning by the dancer.
Dance is found in every human culture. Dance scholar Alfred
Gell has defined dance as "a stylized deformation of nondance mobility,
just as poetry is a deformation or modulation of
language,
a deviation from the norm of expression that enhances expressiveness (Gell,
Alfred. 'Style and Meaning in Umeda Dance' in: Spencer, Paul, ed. Society and
the Dance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985)."
It is also said that dance is a form of nonverbal communication. In this sense, someone has said (bearing religious dance in mind) "Dance is the prayer of the feet".
There are numerous ways of classifying dances. Dances may be classified by their specific purpose, such as social dancing, performance dancing, or erotic dance. Dances may also be classified according to function based on specific spheres of cultural activity: religion, art, sport, recreation. Further, dances may be classified by number of participants, i.e. individually, as couples or in groups.
These classification are neither precise nor complete, and a dance may well be classified under several categories. For example, dance can be a form of therapy (choreotherapy) for some people, yet for others the same dance is simply a job.
A continuum of dance can be posited that stretches from
the most extreme and solitary forms of non-technical, ritual dance (endurance/
trance
dancing) through a broad middle of folk dance (including everything from modern
club dances to a medieval minuet), to extreme forms of performance dance such
as neoclassical ballet or postmodern works employing decontextualized pedestrian
movement.
Movement involving intricate step patterns unrelated to a form of expression, is sometimes referred to as dancing. Some examples:
* Boxers and fencers are said to dance around each other.
*
Martial
arts, especially Asian ones, are often rightfully
compared to dancing.
* It is said that certain animals dance as part of their mating rituals. There
is still great mystery surrounding these patterns. An example is
bee
dance, a remarkably regular movement which a honeybee often performs in a hive.
It has been a mystery since man first domesticated the bees. Its purpose has
only recently been uncovered.
Dance choreography is the act of planning a dance so a dancer will move in a certain way. The term also refers to the result of this planning.